A Bum Steer from the IRA
From Borderland’s Ministry of Barnyard Literacy Rants:
Timothy Shanahan, the current International Reading Association president, claims he never said that kids shouldn’t read in school. But he damns himself in his own defense by making a narrow argument against devoting class time to SSR (sustained silent reading).
Shanahan appraised the IRA mission,
According to its bylaws, IRA has three primary purposes: (1) to improve the quality of reading instruction, (2) to encourage reading and an interest in reading, and (3) to promote reading proficiency.
and he offered his opinion on goal #2.
The issue isn’t whether it is good to practice. It is whether we can get kids to read more—and to read enough to improve their reading ability….One goal is a public responsibility, while the other is a personal aspiration. That is a critical distinction. It means the larger community expects, or even requires, us to teach well, but the stimulating desire part is our game, not theirs.
It might mean something else. To say that one goal is a public responsibility and the other is a personal aspiration excludes a multitude of other possibilities. How about, “…and the other is a moral commitment?”… Shanahan is correct when he says that our instructional approach depends on the kind of society we wish to create, but this is unavoidable. We teach students based on our beliefs about what they need to know to become the people we want them to be. Teaching calls us to influence human consciousness. Our commitments to that end should serve as seeds for reflection on what it means to be human in the world we’re creating.
If my “personal aspiration” happens to be that I wish to work for social justice, to help individuals gain self-awareness, to teach that dreams are foundations for our future plans, that possibilites are limitless, that doubt is not defeat, and that disquiet may also be the catalyst for questions that embolden, enlighten, and ultimately change the world then my aspiration becomes a moral imperative for the empowerment of literate self-directed learners.
Quality of instruction certainly relates to student motivation. To believe otherwise misses the point of education completely. It ignores the humanness of the endeavor and promotes a reductionist approach to teaching as a technical service. I urge teachers to be accountable to more than metrics. We need to first hold ourselves accountable to our ideals. We need to rise above technical proficiency and strive for ethical integrity.
To ignore the merits of encouraging literate practices because a “benefit hasn’t been found” is stupid. All we have to do is choose to look through our own eyes and believe the evidence that comes from our common sense to know if SSR benefits readers and increases motivation. A benefit hasn’t been found? Says who? Say researchers who are hell-bent on seeing only what can be measured. The naked ignorance of this claim is astounding.
We might want to measure what we value, but we should be careful not to value only what we can measure. Once we conclude that only measurable phenomena are admissible evidence of student progress we cut ourselves off from valuing a multitude of human traits. Because we can’t measure joy, or pain, confidence, or anxiety, should we claim that they don’t matter? That they don’t exist?
It’s a fool’s quest to proceed confidently into the classroom armed with a calculator and a crude testing instument looking for “benefit.” The ignorance of people who promote “scientifically-based” teaching distresses me. When the only truths we can believe about ourselves are “measurable” we’ll be stripped of our critical substance. We’ll be pliable consumers of slogans and propaganda dressed up as research.
I’m apalled that the president of the IRA could be so blind, so narrow, so selfish and so hypocritical to accuse teachers of pursuing their “personal aspirations” even as he does so himself in choosing to disregard one of his organization’s primary purposes. This isn’t leadership. It’s a bum steer, and we don’t need this worthless bull.

Marco Polo wrote,
Shanahan might want to read Daniel Pink’s A Whole New Mind: “the left hemisphere analyzes the details; the right hemisphere synthesizes the big picture….Neither side of the brain can do the job without the other…. There is no question that a playfully light attitude is characteristic of creative individuals.”
Link | July 17th, 2006 at 5:48 pm
Marco Polo wrote,
Because we can’t measure joy, or pain, confidence, or anxiety, should we claim that they don’t matter? That they don’t exist? No, but (taking a leaf from Barzun), is it not important to stay focussed on what can actually be taught? An administrator, in these politicized, litigating, times, may well be taking too big a risk if (s)he said, we need to teach kids to WANT to read. to ENJOY reading, to be CONFIDENT readers. Even tho these are admirable and desirable goals, is it also not important to remain realistic (and thus to keep others’ expectations realistic) about what can practicably be taught in school? What can realistically be set as a measurable target? And if measurable targets are not set, then it makes it easier for accountability to be fudged or avoided altogether.
Joy and confidence are hard to measure, yet what is vitally important, is to hire joyful and confident (yet humble) teachers. My two bits.
Link | July 17th, 2006 at 6:03 pm
Marco Polo wrote,
Having belatedly read the original article, I’ve got 1 more thing to say: Shanahan is on shaky ground, and I’m not sure I buy his distinction between a public responsibility and personal aspiration - hasn’t the world become simply too small for this distinction to matter much? - but if he’s right about the research on motivation, then that’s important: There is research on motivation, but those studies don’t tell how to motivate kids. Motivating kids to read is more complicated than teaching them to read. Lots of instructional approaches improve achievement, but what about motivation? What stimulates one person may not work for another. On this point, that motivating kids to read is more complicated than teaching them to read he sounds like Keene and Zimmerman: For decades many educators believed that teaching reading meant dealing with the visible or audible, rather than cognitive manifestations of reading. If children completed drill sheets and workbook pages…[these] would ensure that students could comprehend complex text. But… in fact many chldren were not (and are not) learning to comprehend using the approach.(p.18), and one of the key aims of Mosaic of Thought is to convince teachers that it is possible to teach cognitive ways of engaging readers more completely with texts, and to show them ways this might be achieved.
While it may be technically true that the research on motivation doesn’t tell how to motivate kids (to read), there are some books written by people who are knowledgeable in both fields of psychology and teaching (e.g. Donryei).
Link | July 17th, 2006 at 6:51 pm
Doug wrote,
Marco, thanks for your response(s)
The focus of my difficulty with arguments about accountability to standards, whether politcally, legally, or technically-driven is that teachers should recognize the value of vision, and the need to clarify our aims. Yes, a joyous and confident teacher might be infectious. So would a rule-bound authoritarian. Which do we imagine as the better practitioner? I argue for ethical accountability because I fear that in our technical age, ethics has been subsumed by concerns for “covering your ass,” a posture that contributes to horrendous abuses of power. We might produce a generation of able readers who understand nothing about the generation of ideologies.
I don’t, of course, believe that we should replace reading instruction with free reading. I do think, however, that free reading and journalling complements strategy instruction, allowing students to apply reading strategies, and to monitor and discuss their thinking with a teacher who understands what they are doing. These approaches to teaching reading won’t come packaged in a “program” that will “work” for everyone, but they should be discussed and promoted as an alternative to teacher-proof instructional materials.
Thanks for the links to additional reading. I edited out the final link that pointed at utexas.edu because it was broken and I couldn’t determine its intended target. I’m grateful for your reference to Mosaic of Thought. The book has served as a springboard for many changes in my classroom, not from imitation, but from reconsideration and invention.
Link | July 17th, 2006 at 8:19 pm
Brad Hoge wrote,
As always, an excellent post. I’m not surprised that what I read as your concerns for reading instruction correlate so well with my concerns for science literacy. Only teaching what is measurable in science undercuts science literacy because it short-changes or ignores explanatory frameworks (big picture ideas). Motivation is an issue in science education as well, and as such exposes a catch-22 for educators. Like the elusive optimum of natural selection, it is difficult to provide a static definition of motivation without resorting to circular reasoning, but it is, in fact, quite easy to describe motivation from the standpoint of a dynamic system. The fact that motivation cannot be quantitatively measured frustrates those who cannot think in non-linear ways. Thus, the catch-22. The literacy skills needed to understand the issue are the very subject of the debate.
Link | July 18th, 2006 at 9:58 am
Doug wrote,
Brad, the issue is the same for science education as it is for literacy and mathematics. Your last statement, that the literacy skills needed to understand the issue are the subject of the debate, makes me wonder (more about) what is ever going to happen to resolve the problem. Since I haven’t thoroughly read the literature on motivation I’m curious about the methodology used to evaluate it, and its effects.
Link | July 19th, 2006 at 7:18 am